CR-scheme - CS-library Utrecht University

CR-classification scheme for CS-library Utrecht

• A - Hardware
• B - Computer Systems Organization
• C - Software
• D - Data
• E - Theory of Computation
• F - Mathematics of Computing
• G - Information Systems
• H - Computing Methodologies
• I - Computer Applications
• J - Computing Milieux
• K - General Literature

A. Hardware

• A.0 GENERAL
• A.1 CONTROL STRUCTURES AND MICROPROGRAMMING
• A.2 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC STRUCTURES
• A.3 MEMORY STRUCTURES
• A.4 INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• A.5 REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION
• A.6 LOGIC DESIGN
• A.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• A.8 MISCELLANEOUS

• A.0 GENERAL
• A.1 CONTROL STRUCTURES AND MICROPROGRAMMING (C.3.2)

• A.1.0 General
• A.1.1 Control Design Styles

Hardwired control
Microprogrammed logic arrays
Writable control store


• A.1.2 Control Structure Performance Analysis and Design Aids

Automatic synthesis
Formal models
Simulation


• A.1.3 Control Structure Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance

Diagnostics
Error-checking
Redundant design
Test generation


• A.1.4 Microprogram Design Aids (C.2.2, C.2.4, C.3.2, C.3.4)

Firmware engineering
Languages and compilers
Machine-Independent microcode generation
Optimization
Verification


• A.1.5 Microcode Applications

Direct data manipulation
Firmware support of operating systems/instruction sets
Instruction set interpretation
Peripheral control
Special-purpose


• A.2 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC STRUCTURES

• A.2.0 General
• A.2.1 Design Styles (B.1.1-2)

Calculator
Parallel
Pipeline


• A.2.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids

Simulation
Verification
Worst-case analysis


• A.2.3 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance

Diagnostics
Error-checking
Redundant design
Test generation


• A.2.4 High-Speed Arithmetic

Algorithms
Cost/performance


• A.3 MEMORY STRUCTURES

• A.3.0 General
• A.3.1 Semiconductor Memories

Dynamic memory (DRAM)
Read-only memory (ROM)
Static memory (SRAM)


• A.3.2 Design Styles (C.4.2)

Associative memories
Cache memories
Interleaved memories
Mass storage (e.g., magnetic, optical, RAID)
Primary memory
Sequential-access memory
Shared memory
Virtual memory


• A.3.3 Performance Analysis and Design Aids (B.4)

Formal models
Simulation
Worst-case analysis


• A.3.4 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance

Diagnostics
Error-checking
Redundant design
Test generation


• A.3.m Miscellaneous
• A.4 INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS

• A.4.0 General
• A.4.1 Data Communications Devices

Processors
Receivers (e.g., voice, data. image)
Transmitters


• A.4.2 Input/Output Devices

Channels and controllers
Data terminals and printers
Image display
Voice


• A.4.3 Interconnections (subsystems)

Asynchronous/synchronous operation
Fiber optics
Interfaces
Parallel I/O
Physical structures (e.g., backplanes, cables, chip carriers)
Topology (e.g. bus, point-to-point)


• A.4.4 Performance Analysis and Design Aids

Formal models
Simulation
Verification
Worst-case analysis


• A.4.5 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance

Built-in tests
Diagnostics
Error-checking
Hardware reliability
Redundant design
Test generation


• A.4.6 Miscellaneous
• A.5 REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION

• A.5.0 General
• A.5.1 Design

Arithmetic and logic units
Control design
Data-path design
Memory design
Styles (e.g., parallel, pipelined, special-purpose)


• A.5.2 Design Aids

Automatic synthesis
Hardware description languages
Optimization
Simulation
Verification


• A.5.3 Reliability and Testing

Built-in tests
Error-checking
Redundant design
Test generation
Testability


• A.6 LOGIC DESIGN

• A.6.0 General
• A.6.1 Design Styles

Cellular arrays and automata
Combinational logic
Logic arrays
Memory control and access
Memory used as logic
Parallel circuits
Sequential circuits


• A.6.2 Reliability and Testing

Built-in tests
Error-checking
Redundant design
Test generation
Testability


• A.6.3 Design Aids

Automatic synthesis
Hardware description languages
Optimization
Simulation
Switching theory
Verification


• A.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• A.7.0 General
• A.7.1 Types and Design Styles

Advanced technologies
Algorithms implemented in hardware
Gate arrays
Input/Output circuits
Memory technologies
Microprocessors and microcomputers
Standard cells
VLSI (very large scale integration)


• A.7.2 Design Aids

Graphics
Layout
Placement and routing
Simulation
Verification


• A.7.3 Reliability and Testing

Built-in tests
Error-checking
Redundant design
Test generation
Testability


• A.8 PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY (B.4)

• A.8.0 General
• A.8.1 Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
• A.8.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids
• A.8.0 MISCELLANEOUS

  Design management

B. Computer Systems Organization

• B.0 GENERAL
• B.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES
• B.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
• B.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS
• B.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS
• B.5 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

• B.0 GENERAL

Hardware/software interfaces
Instruction set design (e.g., RISC, CISC, VLIW)
System architectures
Systems specification methodology


• B.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES

• B.1.0 General
• B.1.1 Single Data Stream Architectures

Multiple-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (MISD)
Pipeline processors
Risc/CISC, VLIW architectures
Single-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (SISD)
Von Neumann architectures


• B.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)

Array and vector processors
Associative processors
Connection machines
Interconnection architectures (e.g., common bus, multiport memory, crossbar switch)
Multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (MIMD)
Parallel processors
Pipeline processors
Single-instruction-stream, multilpe-data-stream processors (SIMD)


• B.1.3 Other Architecture Styles

Adaptable architectures
Analog computers
Capability architectures
Cellular architecture (e.g., mobile)
Data-flow architectures
High-level language architectures
Neural nets
Pipeline processors
Stack-oriented processors


• B.1.4 Parallel Architectures

Distributed architectures
Mobile processors


• B.1.5 Miscellaneous

  Analog computers
  Hybrid systems
  

• B.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

• B.2.0 General

Data communications
Open System Interconnection reference model (OSI)
Security and protection (e.g., firewalls)


• B.2.1 Network Architecture and Design

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Centralized networks
Circuit switching networks
Distributed networks
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
Frame relay networks Network communications
Network topology
Packet-switching networks
Store and forward networks
Wireless communication


• B.2.2 Network Protocols

Aplications (SMTP, FTP, etc.)
Protocol architecture (OSI model)
Protocol verification
Routing protocols


• B.2.3 Network Operations

Network management
Network monitoring
Public networks


• B.2.4 Distributed Systems

Client/server
Distributed applications
Distributed databases
Network operating systems


• B.2.5 Local and Wide-Area Networks

Access schemes
Buses
Ethernet (e.g., CSMA/CD)
High-speed (e.g., FDDI, fiber channel, ATM)
Internet (e.g., TCP/IP)
Token rings


• B.2.6 Internetworking (B.2.2)

Routers
Standards (e.g., TCP/IP)


• B.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS (I.7)

Microprocessor/microcomputer applications
Process control systems
Real-time and embedded systems
Signal processing systems
Smartcards


• B.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS

Design studies
Fault tolerance
Measurement techniques
Modeling techniques
Performance attributes
Reliability, availability, and serviceability


• B.5 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

• B.5.0 General
• B.5.1 Large and Medium ("Mainframe") Computers

Super (very large) computers


• B.5.2 Minicomputers
• B.5.3 Microcomputers

Microprocessors
Personal computers
Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants)
Workstations


• B.5.4 VLSI Systems
• B.5.5 Servers

C. Software

• C.0 GENERAL
• C.1 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES
• C.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
• C.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• C.4 OPERATING SYSTEMS
• C.5 MISCELLANEOUS

• C.0 GENERAL
• C.1 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES (D)

• C.1.0 General
• C.1.1 Applicative (Functional) Programming
• C.1.2 Automatic Programming (H.2.2)
• C.1.3 Concurrent Programming

Distributed programming
Parallel programming


• C.1.4 Sequential Programming
• C.1.5 Object-oriented Programming
• C.1.6 Logic Programming
• C.1.7 Visual Programming
• C.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (J.6.3)

• C.2.0 General (J.5.1)

Protection mechanisms
Standards


• C.2.1 Requirements/Specifications (C.3.1)

Elicitation methods (e.g., rapid prototyping, interviews, JAD)
Languages
Methodologies (e.g., object-oriented, structured)
Tools


• C.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
Decision tables
Evolutionary prototyping
Flow charts
Modules and interfaces
Object-oriented design methods
Petri nets
Programmer workbench
Software libraries
State diagrams
Structured programming
Top-down programming
User interfaces


• C.2.3 Coding Tools and Techniques

Object-oriented programming
Pretty printers
Program editors
Reentrant code
Standards
Structured programming
Top-down programming


• C.2.4 Software/Program Verification (E.3.1)

Assertion checkers
Class invariants
Correctness proofs
Formal methods
Model checking
Programming by contract
Reliability
Statistical methods
Validation


• C.2.5 Testing and Debugging

Code inspections and walk-troughs
Debugging aids
Diagnostics
Distributed debugging
Dumps
Error handling and recovery
Monitors
Symbolic execution
Testing tools (e.g., data generators, coverage testing)
Tracing


• C.2.6 Programming Environments

Graphical environments
Integrated environments
Interactive environments
Programmer workbench


• C.2.7 Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement

Corrections
Documentation
Enhancement
Extensibility
Portability
Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering
Version control


• C.2.8 Metrics (C.4.8)

Complexity measures
Performance measures
Process metrics
Product metrics
Software science


• C.2.9 Management (J.6.3, J.6.4)

Copyrights
Cost estimation
Life cycle
Productivity
Programming teams
Software configuration management (e.g., CMM, ISO, PSP)
Software quality assurance (SQA)
Time estimation


• C.2.10 Design

Methodologies
Representation

• C.2.11 Software Architectures

Data abstraction
Domain-specific architectures
Information hiding
Languages (e.g., description, interconnection, definition)
Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard)

• C.2.12 Interoperability

Data mapping
Distributed objects
Interface definition languages

• C.2.13 Reusable Software

Domain engineering
Reusable libraries
Reuse models

Rapid prototyping
Reusable software


• C.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• C.3.0 General

Standards


• C.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory (C.2.1, E.3.1-2, E.4.2-3)

Semantics
Syntax


• C.3.2 Language Classifications

Applicative (functional) languages
Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages
Constraint and logic languages
Data-flow languages
Design languages
Extensible languages
Macro and assembly languages
Microprogramming languages
Multiparadigm languages
Nondeterministic languages
Nonprocedural languages
Object-oriented languages
Specialized application languages
Very high-level languages


• C.3.3 Language Constructs and Features (D.2)

Abstract data types
Classes and objects
Concurrent programming structures
Constraints
Control structures
Coroutines
Date types and structures
Dynamic storage management
Frameworks
Inheritance
Input/Output
Modules, packages
Patterns
Polymorphism
Procedures, functions, and subroutines
Recursion


• C.3.4 Processors

Code generation
Compilers
Debuggers
Internal compilers
Interpreters
Optimization
Parsing
Preprocessors
Pretargetable compilers
Run-time environments
Translator writing systems and compiler generators


• C.3.5 Miscellaneous
• C.4 OPERATING SYSTEMS (B)
• C.4.0 General
• C.4.1 Process Management

Concurrency
Deadlocks
Multiprocessing/multiprogramming
Mutual exclusion
Scheduling
Synchronization
Threads


• C.4.2 Storage Management

Allocation/deallocation strategies
Distributed memories
Garbage collection
Main memory
Secondary storage
Segmentation
Storage hierarchies
Swapping
Virtual memory


• C.4.3 File Systems Management (D.5)

Access methods
Directory structures
Distributed file systems
File organization
Maintenance


• C.4.4 Communications Management (B.2)

Buffering
Input/Output
Message sending
Network communication
Terminal management


• C.4.5 Reliability

Backup procedures
Checkpoint/restart
Fault-tolerance
Verification


• C.4.6 Security and Protection (J.6.5)

Access controls
Authentication
Cryptographic controls
Information flow controls
Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
Security kernels
Verification


• C.4.7 Organization and Design

Batch processing systems
Distributed systems
Hierarchical design
Interactive systems
Real-time and embedded systems


• C.4.8 Performance (B.4, C.2.8, H.6)

Measurements
Modeling and prediction
Monitors
Operational analysis
Queueing theory
Simulation
Stochastic analysis


• C.4.9 Systems Programs and Utilities

Command and control languages
Linkers
Loaders
Window managers


• C.4.10 Miscellaneous
• C.5.0 MISCELLANEOUS

  Software psychology
  

D. Data

• D.0 GENERAL
• D.1 DATA STRUCTURES
• D.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS
• D.3 DATA ENCRYPTION
• D.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY
• D.5 FILES

• D.0 GENERAL
• D.1 DATA STRUCTURES

Arrays
Distributed data structures
Graphs and networks
Lists, stacks, and queues
Records
Tables
Trees


• D.2 DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS

Composite structures
Contiguous representations
Hash-table representations
Linked representations
Object representations
Primitive data items


• D.3 DATA ENCRYPTION

Code breaking
Data encryption standard (DES)
Public key cryptosystems
Standards (e.g., DES, PGP, RSA)


• D.4 CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY (G.1.1)

Data compaction and compression
Error control codes
Formal models of communication
Nonsecret encoding schemes


• D.5 FILES (C.4.3, E.2.2, G.2)

Backup/recovery
Optimization
Organization/structure
Sorting/searching

E. Theory of Computation

• E.0 GENERAL
• E.1 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES
• E.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY
• E.3 LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS
• E.4 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES
• E.5 MISCELLANEOUS

• E.0 GENERAL
• E.1 COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES

• E.1.0 General
• E.1.1 Models of Computation (E.4.1)

Automate (e.g.. finite. pushdown, resource-bounded)
Bounded-action devices (e.g., Turing machines, random access machines)
Computability theory
Relations among models
Self-modifying machines (e.g., neural networks)
Unbounded-action devices (e.g., cellular automata, circuits, networks of machines)


• E.1.2 Modes of Computation

Alternation and nondeterminism
Interactive and reactive computation
Online computation
Parallelism and concurrency
Probabilistic computation
Relations among modes
Relativized computation


• E.1.3 Complexity Measures and Classes (E.2)

Complexity hierarchies
Machine-independent complexity
Reducibility and completeness
Relations among complexity classes
Relations among complexity measures


• E.2 ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY (A.6-7, E.1.3)

• E.2.0 General
• E.2.1 Numerical Algorithms and Problems (F.1, F.4, H.1)

Computation of transforms (e.g., Fast Fourier transform)
Computations in finite fields
Computations on matrices
Computations on polynomials
Number-theoretic computations (e.g., factoring, primality testing)


• E.2.2 Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems (D.2-5, F.2, G.2-3)

Complexity of proof procedures
Computations on discrete structures
Geometrical problems and computations
Pattern matching
Routing and layout
Sequencing and scheduling
Sorting and searching


• E.2.3 Tradeoffs among Complexity Measures (E.1.3)
• E.3 LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS

• E.3.0 General
• E.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs (C.2.1, C.2.4, C.3.1, D.1)

Assertions
Invariants
Logics of programs
Mechanical verification
Pre- and post-conditions
Specification techniques


• E.3.2 Semantics of Programming Languages (C.3.1)

Algebraic approaches to semantics
Denotational semantics
Operational semantics
Partial evaluation
Process models
Program analysis


• E.3.3 Studies of Program Constructs (C.3.2-3)

Control primitives
Functional constructs
Object-oriented constructs
Program and recursion schemes
Type structure


• E.3.4 Miscellaneous
• E.3.5 Miscellaneous

Category theory
Philosophical issues on logic and computer science

• E.4 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES

• E.4.0 General
• E.4.1 Mathematical Logic (E.1.1, H.2.2-3)

Computability theory
Computational logic
Lambda calculus and related systems
Logic and constraint programming
Mechanical theorem proving
Modal logic
Model theory
Proof theory
Recursive function theory
Set theory
Temporal logic


• E.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems (C.3.1)

Decision problems
Grammar types (e.g., context-free. context-sensitive)
Parallel rewriting systems (e.g., developmental systems, L-systems)
Parsing
Thue systems


• E.4.3 Formal Languages (C.3.1)

Algebraic language theory
Classes defined by grammars or automata (e.g., context-free languages, regular sets, recursive sets)
Classes defined by resource-bounded automata
Decision problems
Operations on languages

F. Mathematics of Computing

• F.0 GENERAL
• F.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
• F.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
• F.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
• F.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE
• F.5 MISCELLANEOUS

• F.0 GENERAL
• F.1 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

• F.1.0 General

Computer arithmetic
Conditioning (and ill-conditioning)
Error analysis
Interval arithmetic
Multiple precision arithmetic
Numerical algorithms
Parallel algorithms
Stability (and instability)


• F.1.1 Interpolation

Difference formulas
Extrapolation
Interpolation formulas
Smoothing
Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation


• F.1.2 Approximation

Approximation of surfaces and contours
Chebyshev approximation and theory
Elementary function approximation
Fast Fourier transforms (FFT)
Least squares approximation
Linear approximation
Minimax approximation and algorithms
Nonlinear approximation
Rational approximation
Special function approximations
Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation
Wavelets and fractals


• F.1.3 Numerical Linear Algebra

Conditioning
Determinants
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors (direct and iterative methods)
Error analysis
Linear systems (direct and iterative methods)
Matrix inversion
Pseudoinverses
Singular value decomposition
Sparse, structured, and very large systems (direct and iterative methods)


• F.1.4 Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation

Adaptive and iterative quadrature
Automatic differentiation
Equal interval integration
Error analysis
Finite difference methods
Gaussian quadrature
Iterative methods
Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature


• F.1.5 Roots of Nonlinear Equations

Continuation (homotopy) methods
Convergence
Error analysis
Iterative methods
Polynomials, methods for
Systems of equations


• F.1.6 Optimization

Constrained optimization
Convex programming
Global optimization
Gradient methods
Integer programming
Least squares methods
Linear programming
Nonlinear programming
Quadratic programming methods
Simulated annealing
Stochastic programming
Unconstrained optimization

• F.1.7 Ordinary Differential Equations

Boundary value problems
Chaotic systems
Convergence and stability
Differential-algebraic equations
Error analysis
Finit difference methos
Initial value problems
Multistep and multivalue methods
One-step (single step) methods
Stiff equations


• F.1.8 Partial Differential Equations

Domain decomposition methods
Elliptic equations|
Finite difference methods
Finite element methods
Finite volume methods
Hyperbolic equations
Inverse problems
Iterative solution techniques
Method of lines
Multigrid and multilevel methods
Parabolic equations
Spectral methods


• F.1.9 Integral Equations

Delay equations
Fredholm equations
Integro-differential equations
Volterra equations

• F.1.10 Applications
  
• F.2 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

• F.2.0 General
• F.2.1 Combinatorics (E.2.2)

Combinatorial algorithms
Counting problems
Generating functions
Permutations and combinations
Recurrences and difference equations


• F.2.2 Graph Theory (E.2.2)

Graph algorithms
Graph labeling
Hypergraphs
Network problems
Path and circuit problems
Trees


• F.2.3 Applications
• F.3 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Contingency table analysis
Correlation and regression analysis
Distribution functions
Experimental design
Markov processes
Multivariate statistics
Nonparametric statistics
Probabilistic algorithms (including Monte Carlo)
Queueing theory
Random number generation
Reliability and life testing
Renewal theory
Robust regression
Statistical computing
Statistical software
Stochastic processes
Survival analysis
Time series analysis


• F.4 MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE

Algorithm design and analysis
Certification and testing
Documentation
Efficiency
Parallel and vector implementations
Portability
Reliability and robustness
User interfaces
Verification


Queueing theory

G. Information Systems

• G.0 GENERAL
• G.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES
• G.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
• G.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
• G.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
• G.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION

• G.0 GENERAL
• G.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES

• G.1.0 General
• G.1.1 Systems and Information Theory (D.4)

General systems theory
Information theory
Value of information


• G.1.2 User/Machine Systems

Human factors
Human information processing
Software psychology


• G.1.3 Miscellaneous
• G.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT (D.5)

• G.2.0 General

Security, integrity, and protection


• G.2.1 Logical Design

Data models
Normal forms
Schema and subschema


• G.2.2 Physical Design

Access methods
Deadlock avoidance
Recovery and restart


• G.2.3 Languages (C.3.2)

Date description languages (DDL)
Date manipulation languages (DML)
Database (persistent) programming languages
Query languages
Report writers


• G.2.4 Systems

Concurrency
Distributed databases
Multimedia databases
Object-oriented databases
Parallel databases
Query processing
Relational databases
Rule-based databases
Textual databases
Transaction processing


• G.2.5 Heterogeneous Databases

Data translation
Program translation


• G.2.6 Database Machines
• G.2.7 Database Administration

Data dictionary/directory
Data warehouse and repository
Logging and recovery
Security, integrity, and protection


• G.2.8 Database applications

Data mining
Image databases
Scientific databases
Spatial databases and GIS
Statistical databases


• G.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

• G.3.0 General
• G.3.1 Content Analysis and Indexing

Abstracting methods
Dictionaries
Indexing methods
Linguistic processing
Thesauruses


• G.3.2 Information Storage

File organization
Record classification


• G.3.3 Information Search and Retrieval

Clustering
Data mining
Information filtering
Query formulation
Relevance feedback
Retrieval models
Search process
Selection process


• G.3.4 Systems and Software

Currant awareness systems (selective dissemination of information SDI)|
Distributed systems
Information networks
Performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness)
Question-answering (fact retrieval) systems
User profiles and alert services


• G.3.5 Online Information Services

Commercial services
Data bank sharing
Web-based services


• G.3.6 Library Automation

Large text archives

• G.3.7 Digital Libraries

Collection
Dissemination
Standards
Systems issues
User issues


• G.3.8 Miscellaneous
• G.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS

• G.4.0 General
• G.4.1 Office Automation (H.7)

Desktop publishing
Equipment
Groupware
Spreadsheets
Time management (e.g., calendars, schedules)
Word processing
Workflow management


• G.4.2 Types of Systems

Decision support (e.g., MIS)
Logistics


• G.4.3 Communications Applications

Bulletin boards
Computer conferencing, teleconferencing and videoconferencing
Electronic mail
Information browsers
Videotex
World Wide Web


• G.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (H.7)

• G.5.0 General
• G.5.1 Multimedia Information Systems

Animations
Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities
Audio input/output
Evaluation/methodology
Hypertext navigation and maps
Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI)


• G.5.2 User Interfaces (C.2.2, G.1.2, H.3.6)

Auditory (non-speech) feedback
Benchmarking
Ergonomics
Evaluation/methodology
Graphic user interfaces (GUI)
Haptic I/O
Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen)
Interaction styles (e.g., commands, menus, forms, direct manipulation)
Natural language
Prototyping
Screen design (e.g., text, graphics, color)
Standardization
Style guides
Theory and methods
Training, help, and documentation
User-centered design
User interface management systems (UIMS)
Voice I/O
Windowing systems


• G.5.3 Group and Organization Interfaces

Asynchronous interaction
Collaborative computing
Computer-supported cooperative work
Evaluation/methodology
Organizational design
Synchronous interaction
Theory and models
Web-based interaction

• G.5.4 Hypertext/Hypermedia (H.7, I.7)

Architectures
Navigation
Theory
User issues

• G.5.5 Sound and Music Computing (I.5)

Methodologies and techniques
Modeling
Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing
Systems

H. Computing Methodologies

• H.0 GENERAL
• H.1 SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION
• H.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• H.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• H.4 IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION
• H.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION
• H.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING
• H.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING
• H.8 NEURO COMPUTING AND GENETIC ALGORITHMS

• H.0 GENERAL
• H.1 ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION

• H.1.0 General
• H.1.1 Expressions and Their Representation (D.1-2)

Representations (general and polynomial)
Simplification of expressions


• H.1.2 Algorithms (E.2.1-2)

Algebraic algorithms
Analysis of algorithms
Nonalgebraic algorithms


• H.1.3 Languages and Systems (C.3.2-3, E.2.2)

Evaluation strategies
Nonprocedural languages
Special-purpose algebraic systems
Special-purpose hardware
Substitution mechanisms


• H.1.4 Applications
• H.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• H.2.0 General

Cognitive simulation
Philosophical foundations


• H.2.1 Applications and Expert Systems (G.4, I)

Cartography
Games
Industrial automation
Law
Medicine and science
Natural language interfaces
Office automation


• H.2.2 Automatic Programming (C.1.2, E.3.1)

Automatic analysis of algorithms
Program modification
Program synthesis
Program transformation
Program verification


• H.2.3 Deduction and Theorem Proving

Answer/reason extraction
Constraint satisfaction
Deduction (e.g., natural, rule-based)
Inference engines
Logic programming
Mathematical induction
Metatheory
Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision
Resolution
Uncertainty, fuzzy, and probabilistic reasoning


• H.2.4 Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods

Frames and scripts
Modal logic
Predicate logic
Relation systems
Representation languages
Representations (procedural and rule-based)
Semantic networks
Temporal logic


• H.2.5 Programming Languages and Software (C.3.2)

Expert system tools and techniques


• H.2.6 Learning (J.3.2)

Analogies
Concept learning
Connectionism and neural nets
Data mining
Induction
Knowledge acquisition
Language acquisition
Parameter learning


• H.2.7 Natural Language Processing

Discourse
Language generation
Language models
Language parsing and understanding
Machine translation
Speech recognition and synthesis
Text analysis


• H.2.8 Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search (E.2.2)

Backtracking
Control theory
Dynamic programming
Graph and tree search strategies
Heuristic methods
Plan execution, formation, and generation
Scheduling


• H.2.9 Robotics

Autonomous vehicles
Commercial robots and applications
Kinematics and dynamics
Manipulators
Operator interfaces
Propelling mechanisms
Sensors
Workcell organization and planning


• H.2.10 Vision and Scene Understanding (H.4.8, H.5)

3D/stereo scene analysis
Architecture and control structures
Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding
Modeling and recovery of physical attributes
Motion
Perceptual reasoning
Representations, data structures, and transforms
Shape
Texture
Video analysis


• H.2.11 Distributed Artificial Intelligence

Coherence and coordination
Intelligent agents
Languages and structures
Multiagent systems


• H.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

• H.3.0 General
• H.3.1 Hardware architecture (A.4.2)

Graphics processors
Hardcopy devices
Input devices
Parallel processing
Raster display devices
Storage devices
Three-dimensional displays
Vector display devices


• H.3.2 Graphics Systems (B.2.1, B.2.4, B.3)

Distributed/network graphics
Remote systems
Stand-alone systems


• H.3.3 Picture/Image Generation

Antialiasing
Bitmap and framebuffer operations
Digitizing and scanning
Display algorithms
Line and curve generation
Viewing algorithms


• H.3.4 Graphics Utilities

Application packages
Device drivers
Graphics editors
Graphics packages
Meta files
Paint systems
Picture description languages
Software support
Virtual device interfaces


• H.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling

Boundary representations
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)
Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems
Hierarchy and geometric transformations
Modeling packages
Object hierarchies
Physically based modeling
Splines


• H.3.6 Methodology and Techniques

Device independence
Ergonomics
Graphics date structures and date types
Interaction techniques
Languages
Standards (e.g., GKS, PHIGS, VDI, CGM, IGES)


• H.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism

Animation
Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
Fractals
Hidden line/surface removal
Radiosity
Raytracing
Virtual reality
Visible line/surface algorithms


• H.3.8 Applications
• H.4 IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION

• H.4.0 General

Image displays
Image processing software


• H.4.1 Digitization and Image Capture

Camera calibration
Imaging geometry
Quantization
Radiometry
Reflectance
Sampling
Scanning


• H.4.2 Compression (Coding) (D.4)

Approximate methods
Exact coding


• H.4.3 Enhancement

Filtering
Geometric correction
Grayscale manipulation
Registration
Sharpening and deblurring
Smoothing


• H.4.4 Restoration

Inverse filtering
Kalman filtering
Pseudoinverse restoration
Wiener filtering


• H.4.5 Reconstruction

Series expansion methods
Summation methods
Transform methods


• H.4.6 Segmentation

Edge and feature detection
Pixel classification
Region growing, partitioning
Relaxation


• H.4.7 Feature Measurement

Feature representation
Invariants
Moments
Projections
Size and shape
Texture


• H.4.8 Scene Analysis

Color
Depth cues
Motion
Object recognition
Photometry
Range data
Sensor fusion
Shading
Shape
Stereo
Surface fitting
Time-varying imagery
Tracking


• H.4.9 Applications
• H.4.10 Image Representation

Hierarchical
Morphological
Multidimensional
Statistical
Volumetric


• H.5 PATTERN RECOGNITION

• H.5.0 General
• H.5.1 Models

Deterministic
Fuzzy set
Geometric
Neural nets
Statistical
Structural


• H.5.2 Design Methodology

Classifier design and evaluation
Feature evaluation and selection
Pattern analysis


• H.5.3 Clustering

Algorithms
Similarity measures


• H.5.4 Applications

Computer vision
Signal processing
Text processing
Waveform analysis


• H.5.5 Implementation (B.3)

Interactive systems
Special architectures


• H.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING (F.3)

• H.6.0 General
• H.6.1 Simulation Theory

Model classification
Systems theory
Types of simulation (continuous and discrete)


• H.6.2 Simulation Languages
• H.6.3 Applications
• H.6.4 Model Validation and Analysis
• H.6.5 Model Development

Modeling methodologies


• H.6.6 Simulation Output Analysis
• H.6.7 Simulation Support Systems

Environments


• H.6.8 Types of Simulation

Animation
Combined
Discrete event
Distributed
Gaming
Monte Carlo
Parallel
Visual


• H.7 DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING (G.4-5)

• H.7.0 General
• H.7.1 Document and Text Editing

Document management
Languages
Spelling
Version control


• H.7.2 Document Preparation

Desktop publishing
Format and notation
Hypertext/hypermedia
Index generation
Languages and systems
Markup languages
Multi/mixed media
Photocompositon/typesetting
Scripting languages
Standards (e.g., CALS, ODA, SGML)


• H.7.3 Index Generation
• H.7.4 Electronic Publishing
• H.7.5 Document Capture

Document analysis
Graphics recognition and interpretation
Optical character recognition (OCR)
Scanning

• H.8 NEURO COMPUTING AND GENETIC ALGORITHMS

• H.8.0 General
• H.8.1 Neural computation and neural networks
• H.8.2 Genetic algorithms

I. Computer Applications

• I.0 GENERAL
• I.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING
• I.2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING
• I.3 LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES
• I.4 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
• I.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES
• I.6 COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING
• I.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS
• I.8 MISCELLANEOUS

• I.0 GENERAL
• I.1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING

Business
Education
Financial (e.g., ERTS)
Government
Law
Manufacturing
Marketing
Military


• I.2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

Aerospace
Archeology
Astronomy
Chemistry
Earth and atmospheric sciences
Electronics
Engineering
Mathematics and statistics
Physics


• I.3 LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

Biology and genetics
Health
Medical information systems


• I.4 SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Economics
Psychology
Sociology


• I.5 ARTS AND HUMANITIES

Architecture
Arts, fine and performing
Fine arts
Language translation
Linguistics
Literature
Music
Performing arts (e.g., dance, music)


• I.6 COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING

Computer-aided design (CAD)
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)


• I.7 COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS (B.3)

Command and control
Consumer products
Industrial control
Military
Process control
Publishing
Real time


• I.8.0 MISCELLANEOUS

J. Computing Milieux

• J.0 GENERAL
• J.1 THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY
• J.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTING
• J.3 COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION
• J.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
• J.5 LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTING
• J.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• J.7 THE COMPUTING PROFESSION
• J.8 PERSONAL COMPUTING

• J.0 GENERAL
• J.1 THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY

Markets
Standards
Statistics
Suppliers


• J.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTING

Hardware
People
Software
Systems
Theory


• J.3 COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION

• J.3.0 General
• J.3.1 Computer Uses in Education

Collaborative learning
Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
Distance learning


• J.3.2 Computer and Information Science Education

Accreditation
Computer science education
Curriculum
Information systems education
Literacy
Self-assessment


• J.3.3 Miscellaneous

  Accreditation
  Computer Literacy
  

• J.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY

• J.4.0 General
• J.4.1 Public Policy Issues

Abuse and crime involving computers
Computer-related health issues
Ethics
Human safety
Intellectual property rights
Privacy
Regulation
Transborder date flow
Use/abuse of power


• J.4.2 Social Issues

Abuse and crime involving computers
Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities
Employment
Handicapped persons/special needs


• J.4.3 Organizational Impacts

Automation
Computer-supported collaborative work
Employment
Reengineering

• J.4.4 Electronic Commerce (I.1)

Cybercash, digital cash
Distributed commercial transactions
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
Intellectual property
Payment schemes
Security

• J.5 LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTING

• J.5.0 General
• J.5.1 Hardware/Software Protection

Copyrights
Licensing
Patents
Proprietary rights
Trade secrets


• J.5.2 Governmental Issues

Censorship
Regulation
Taxation


Contracts
Hardware patents


• J.6 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

• J.6.0 General

Economics


• J.6.1 Project and People Management

Livecycle
Management techniques (e.g., PERT/CPM)
Staffing
Strategic information systems planning
Systems analysis and design
Systems development
Training


• J.6.2 Installation Management

Benchmarks
Computer selection
Computing equipment management
Performance and usage measurement
Pricing and resource allocation


• J.6.3 Software Management

Software development
Software maintenance
Software process
Software selection


• J.6.4 System Management

Centralization/decentralization
Management audit
Quality assurance


• J.6.5 Security and Protection (C.4.6, J.4.2)

Authentication
Insurance
Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
Physical security
Unauthorized access (e.g., hacking, phreaking)


• J.6.6 Miscellaneous

Insurance
Security


• J.7 THE COMPUTING PROFESSION

• J.7.0 General
• J.7.1 Occupations
• J.7.2 Organizations
• J.7.3 Testing, Certification, and Licensing
• J.7.4 Professional Ethics (J.4)

Codes of ethics
Codes of good practice
Ethical dilemmas

• J.7.4 Miscellaneous

Codes of good practice
Ethics


• J.8 PERSONAL COMPUTING

Games


• J.8.0 General

Games


• J.8.1 Application Packages

Data communications
Database processing
Freeware/shareware
Graphics
Spreadsheets
Word processing


• J.8.2 Hardware
• J.8.3 Management/Maintenance

K. General Literature

• K.0 GENERAL
• K.1 INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY
• K.2 REFERENCE
• K.4 SERIES AND PROCEEDINGS
• K.5 MANUALS
• K.6 MISCELLANEOUS

• K.0 GENERAL

Biographies/autobiographies
Conference proceedings
General literary works (e.g., fiction, plays)


• K.1 INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY
• K.2 REFERENCE (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries)
• K.3.0 ( no longer in use )
• K.4 SERIES AND PROCEEDINGS

• K.4.0 ( no longer in use )
• K.4.1 ( no longer in use )
• K.4.2 ( no longer in use )
• K.4.3 Springer LNCS en LNAI
• K.4.4 ( no longer in use )
• K.5 MANUALS
• K.6 MISCELLANEOUS

• K.6.0 ( no longer in use )